La vida es preciosa por ser precaria: individualidad, mortalidad y el significado

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

Teoría computacional de la mente, ciencia cognitiva, filosofía de la mente, fenomenología, individualidad

Resumen

El computacionalismo aspira a ofrecer una teoría unificadora de la vida y la mente. Fracasa en esta tarea debido a que carece de las herramientas conceptuales para abordar el problema del significado. Argumento que una postura significativa es enactuada por un individuo con el potencial intrínseco a toda existencia biológica: la muerte. Para este individuo la vida importa a fin de adaptarse activamente, en lugar de desintegrarse pasivamente. Introduciré dos cosmovisiones antiguas y extranjeras que asignan a la muerte un rol constitutivo. Posteriormente, trazaré la emergencia de una concepción similar de mortalidad, derivada desde la era cibernética al desarrollo actual enfoque enactivo de la ciencia cognitiva. Finalmente, se analiza por qué el computacionalismo ortodoxo ha fracasado en atisbar de esta manera constitutiva el papel de la mortalidad.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Tom Froese, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Doctor en Ciencia Cognitiva por la Universidad de Sussex, R. U. Investigador del Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas (iimas) de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; miembro del Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3) de la misma universidad. Coordinador del “4E Cognition Group”. Miembro del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, nivel I. Ha publicado más de 30 artículos en reconocidas revistas científicas de las Américas, Europa, y Asia. Sus principales áreas de interés son las ciencias cognitivas y la inteligencia artificial

Citas

Ashby, William Ross (1947), “The nervous system as physical

machine: With special reference to the origin of adaptive behavior”, Mind 56(221), pp. 44-59.

Ashby, William Ross (1960), Design for a brain: The origin of adaptive behaviour (2a. ed.), Londres, Chapman y Hall.

Barandiaran, Xabier, Ezequiel A. Di Paolo y Marieke Rohde (2009), “Defining agency: Individuality, normativity, asymmetry, and spatio-temporality in action”, Adaptive Behavior, 17(5), pp. 367-386.

Barbaras, Renaud (2010), “Life and exteriority: The problem of metabolism”, en: John Stewart, Olivier Gapenne y Ezequiel A. Di Paolo (eds.), Enaction: Toward a New Paradigm for Cognitive Science, Mass, The MIT Press, pp. 89-122.

Barrett, Nathaniel F. (en prensa), “The normative turn in enactive theory: An examination of its roots and implications”, Topoi.

Bateson, Gregory (1970), “Form, substance, and difference”, General Semantics Bulletin, vol. 37, pp. 221-245.

Bateson, Gregory (1971), “The cybernetics of self: A theory of alcoholism” Psychiatry, 34(1), pp. 1-18.

Bateson, Gregory (1972), Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology, Nueva York, Ballentine Books.

Beaton, Mike e Igor Aleksander (2012), “World-related integrated information: Enactivist and phenomenal perspectives”, International Journal of Machine Consciousness, 4(2), pp. 439-455.

Bishop, John Mark (2009), “A cognitive computation fallacy? Cognition, computations and panpsychism”, Cognitive Computation, vol. 1, pp. 221-233.

Bitbol, Michel (2002), “Science as if situation mattered”, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 181-224.

Cappuccio, Massimiliano y Tom Froese (2014), Introduction, en: Massimiliano Cappuccio y Tom Froese (eds.), Enactive Cognition at the Edge of Sense-Making: Making Sense of Non-Sense, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-33.

Chalmers, David J. (2015), “Panpsychism and panprotopsychism”, en: Torin Alter y Yujin Nagasawa (eds.), Consciousness in the Physical World: Perspectives on Russellian Monism, Nueva York, Oxford University Press, pp. 246-276.

Clarke, Ellen (2010), “The problem of biological individuality”, Biological Theory, 5(4), pp. 312-325.

Coe, Michael D. (2003), Angkor and the Khmer Civilization, Londres, Thames y Hudson.

Coe, Michael D. y Rex Koontz (2013), Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs, Londres, Thames y Hudson.

Deacon, Terrence W. (2012), Incomplete Nature: How Mind Emerged from Matter, Nueva York, W. W. Norton y Company.

Deacon, Terrence W. (en prensa), “Information and reference”, en: Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic y Raffaela Giovagnoli (eds.), Representation and Reality: Humans, Animals and Machines, Heidelberg, Springer.

Dennett, Daniel C. (1984), “Cognitive wheels: The frame problem of AI”, en: Christopher Hookway (ed.), Minds, Machines and Evolution: Philosophical Studies, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 129-152.

Di Paolo, Ezequiel A. (2009), “Extended life”, Topoi, 28(1), pp. 9 21.

Di Paolo, Ezequiel A. (2010), «Robotics inspired in the organism”, Intellectica, 1-2(53-54), pp. 129-162.

Dodig-Crnkovic, Gordana (2014), “Info-computational constructivism and cognition”, Constructivist Foundations, 9(2), pp. 223-231.

Dodig-Crnkovic, Gordana y Rickard von Haugwitz (en prensa), “Reality construction in cognitive agents through processes of info-computation”, en: Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic y Raffaela Giovagnoli (eds.), Representation and Reality: Humans, Animals and Machines, Heidelberg, Springer.

Dreyfus, Hubert L. (1972), What Computers Can’t Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason, Nueva York, Harper and Row.

Erden, Yasemin J. (en prensa), “Being ‘simple-minded’: Models, maps and metaphors and why the brain is not a computer”, en: Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic y Raffaela Giovagnoli (eds.), Representation and Reality: Humans, Animals and Machines, Heidelberg, Springer.

Fernández, Nelson, Carlos Maldonado y Carlos Gershenson (2014), “Information measures of complexity, emergence, self organization, homeostasis, and autopoiesis”, en: Mikhail Prokopenko (ed.), Guided Self-Organization: Inception, Berlín, Springer-Verlag, pp. 19-51.

Froese, Tom (2010), “From cybernetics to second-order cybernetics: A comparative analysis of their central ideas”, Constructivist Foundations, 5(2), pp. 75-85.

Froese, Tom (2011), “From second-order cybernetics to enactive cognitive science: Varela’s turn from epistemology to phenomenology”, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, vol. 28, pp. 631-645.

Froese, Tom (2013), “Ashby’s passive contingent machines are not alive: Living beings are actively goal-directed”, Constructivist Foundations, 9(1), pp. 108-109.

Froese, Tom (2014), “Radicalizing enactivism: Basic minds without content”, The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 35(1-2), pp. 71-82.

Froese, Tom y John Stewart (2010), “Life after Ashby: Ultrastability and the autopoietic foundations of biological individuality”, Cybernetics y Human Knowing, 17(4), pp. 83-106.

Froese, Tom y John Stewart (2012), “Enactive cognitive science and biology of cognition: A response to Humberto Maturana”, Cybernetics y Human Knowing, 19(4), pp. 61-74.

Froese, Tom, Nathaniel Virgo y Takashi Ikegami (2014), “Motility at the origin of life: Its characterization and a model”, Artificial Life, 20(1), pp. 55-76.

Froese, Tom y Tom Ziemke (2009), “Enactive artificial intelligence: Investigating the systemic organization of life and mind”, Artificial Intelligence, 173(3-4), pp. 366-500.

Gershenson, Carlos (2011), “What does artificial life tell us about death?”, International Journal of Artificial Life Research, 2(3), pp. 1-5.

Gershenson, Carlos (2014), “Info-computationalism or materialism? Neither and both”, Constructivist Foundations, 9(2), pp. 241-242.

Harnad, Stevan (1990), “The symbol grounding problem”, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, vol. 42, pp. 335-346.

Hewitt, Carl (2007), “What is commitment? Physical, organizational, and social”, en: Pablo Noriega, Javier Vazquez Salceda, Guido Boella, Olivier Boissier, Virginia Dignum, Nicoletta Fornara, Eric Matson (eds.), Coordination, Organizations, Institutions, and Norms in Agent Systems II, Berlín, Springer, pp. 293-307.

Horsman, Dominic C., Viv Kendon, Susan Stepney y J. Peter W. Young (en prensa), “Abstraction and representation in living organisms: when does a biological system compute?”, en: Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic y Raffaela Giovagnoli (eds.), Representation and Reality: Humans, Animals and Machines, Heidelberg, Springer.

Hutto, Daniel D., y Erik Myin (2013), Radicalizing Enactivism: Basic Minds without Content, Mass., The MIT Press.

Jonas, Hans (1985/86), „Werkzeug, Bild und Grab: Vom Transanimalischen im Menschen“, Scheidewege, vol. 15, pp. 47-58.

Jonas, Hans (1992), “The burden and blessing of mortality”, The Hastings Center Report, 22(1), pp. 34-40.

Jonas, Hans ([1966] 2001), The Phenomenon of Life: Toward a Philosophical Biology, Ill., Northwestern University Press.

Kyselo, Miriam (2014), “The body social: An enactive approach to the self ”, Frontiers in Psychology, 5(986), doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00986

Maturana, Humberto R. (2011), “Ultrastability ... autopoiesis? Reflexive response to Tom Froese and John Stewart”, Cybernetics y Human Knowing, 18(1 - 2), pp. 143-152.

Maturana, Humberto R. y Francisco J. Varela ([1973] 1980), “Autopoiesis: The organization of the living”, en: Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic, pp. 59-140.

Miłkowski, Marcin (2011), “Beyond formal structure: A mechanistic perspective on computation and implementation”, Journal of Cognitive Science, vol. 12, pp. 359-379.

Miłkowski, Marcin (2013), Explaining the Computational Mind, Mass., MIT Press.

Miller, Mary y Taube, Karl (1993), An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya, Londres, Thames y Hudson.

Oizumi, Masafumi, Larissa Albantakis, y Giulio Tononi (2014), “From the phenomenology to the mechanisms of consciousness: Integrated information theory 3.0”, PLoS Computational Biology, 10(5), e1003588, doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003588

Piccinini, Gualtiero (2015), “Computation in physical systems,” en: Edward N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2015 Edition), en http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/

computation-physicalsystems.

Searle, John R. (1980), “Minds, brains, and programs”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(3), pp. 417-424.

Sterelny, Kim y Paul E. Griffiths (1999), Sex and Death: An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology, Ill., The University of Chicago Press.

Thompson, Evan (2007), Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind, Mass., Harvard University Press.

Thompson, Evan y Francisco J. Varela (2001), “Radical embodiment: Neural dynamics and consciousness”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(10), pp. 418-425.

Tononi, Giulio (2008). “Consciousness as integrated information: A provisional manifesto”, The Biological Bulletin, vol. 215, pp. 216-242.

Varela, Francisco J. (1991), “Organism: A meshwork of selfless selves”, en: Alfred I. Tauber (ed.), Organism and the Origins of Self, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 79-107.

Varela, Francisco J. (1995), “The re-enchantment of the concrete: Some biological ingredients for a nouvelle cognitive science”, en: Luc Steels y Rodney Brooks (eds.), The Artificial Life Route to Artificial Intelligence, Hove, Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 11-22.

Varela, Francisco J. (2001), “Intimate distances: Fragments for a phenomenology of organ transplantation”, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(5-7), pp. 259-271.

Varela, Francisco J. (ed.) (1997), Sleeping, Dreaming and Dying: An Exploration of Consciousness with the Dalai Lama, Boston, Wisdom Publications.

Varela, Francisco J., Humberto R. Maturana y Ricardo Uribe (1974), “Autopoiesis: The organization of living systems, its characterization and a model”, BioSystems, vol. 5, pp. 187-196.

Varela, Francisco J., Evan Thompson y Eleanor Rosch (1991), The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience, Mass., MIT Press.

Villalobos, Mario, y Dave Ward (2015), “Living systems: Autonomy, autopoiesis and enaction”, Philosophy y Technology, 28(2), pp. 225-239.

Weber, Andreas y Francisco J. Varela (2002), “Life after Kant: Natural purposes and the autopoietic foundations of biological individuality”, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 1(2), pp. 97-125.

Young, Simon (2006), Designer Evolution: A Transhumanist Manifesto, Amherst, Prometheus Books.

Zenil, Hector, Angelika Schmidt y Jesper Tegnér (en prensa), “Causality, information and biological computation: An algorithmic software approach to life, disease and the immune system”, en: Sara I. Walker, Paul C. W. Davies, y George Ellis (eds.), Information and Causality: From Matter to Life, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Descargas

Publicado

2016-12-16

Artículos similares

<< < 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 > >> 

También puede Iniciar una búsqueda de similitud avanzada para este artículo.